Sanja Ivčević
Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone
Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona
Sanja Ivčević
Sanja Ivčević
HR, 21000 Split
Croatia, 21000 Split
Arheološki muzej Split
Archaeological Museum - Split
Zrinsko-Frankopanska 25
Zrinsko-Frankopanska 25
sanja.ivcevic@armus.hr
sanja.ivcevic@armus.hr
UDK: 904:739 (497.5 Split) “00“
UDK: 904:739 (497.5 Split) “00“
739:636.1 “00“
739:636.1 “00“
Izvorni znanstveni članak
Original scientiic paper
Primljeno: 17. 4. 2009.
Received: 17 April 2009
Prihvaćeno: 24. 6. 2009.
Accepted: 24 June 2009
Privjesci rimske konjske orme vješali su se pomoću falere ili
Pendants on Roman riding harnesses were hung with the help of
izravno na remenje konja kako bi pridonijeli dojmu koji je
phalerae or directly on the straps to contribute to the impression
konjanik ostavljao svojom pojavom; no nisu služili samo kao ukras,
made by the rider’s appearance. Their function, however, was not
nego im se oblikom, detaljima ili prikazima na njima dodavalo
only decorative, as the form, details or the images on them added
simbolično značenje. Najvažnija je bila zaštitna uloga privjesaka,
a symbolic meaning. Their protective role was the most important,
koji su čuvali od zla i nesreće. Obrađeni predmeti pripadaju
i.e. they were meant to ward of evil or misfortune. The analyzed
različitim tipovima privjesaka, a kako su u Muzej dospjeli kao
items belong to various pendant groups. Since they arrived in the
slučajni nalazi pa nam detaljne okolnosti nalaza nisu poznate,
Museum as chance inds, and detailed circumstances surrounding
datirani su pomoću analognih primjeraka s različitih rimskih
their discovery are not known, they were dated with the help of
lokaliteta. Oprema konja, pa tako i način ukrašavanja ovisili su o
analogous examples from various Roman-era sites. Riding gear,
statusu konjanika u društvu, odnosno o vojničkom rangu. Od šest
including its manner of decoration, relected the social status of
ovdje obrađenih privjesaka iz Salone, dva pripadaju lunulastima,
the rider, i.e. his military rank. The pendants analyzed here are of
dva trodijelnima listolikima, jedan je suzoliki, te jedan srcoliki.
various types, but they were dated within the framework of the
Vremenski pripadaju 1. st.
irst century.
Ključne riječi: privjesci konjske orme, rimska vojna oprema, Salona
Key words: riding harness pendants, Roman riding gear, Salona
75
Sanja Ivčević
Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone
Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona
Prilikom revizije srednjovjekovne zbirke Arheološkog muzeja
During a re-examination of the medieval collection of the
u Splitu pokazalo se da jedan dio predmeta pripada rimskom
Archaeological Museum in Split, it was ascertained that a part of
vremenu. Uglavnom se radi o dijelovima vojničke opreme, a
the materials actually belonged to the Roman era. Generally these
kako su nedavno obrađeni privjesci konjske orme iz Salone,
consisted of military equipment, and since the riding harness
ovdje donosimo, kao nadopunu tom članku, i šest naknadno
pendants from Salona were recently analyzed,1 as a supplement to
pronađenih primjeraka.2
that article, I here present six subsequently found examples.2
1
These items belong to diferent pendant types, and since they
Obrađeni predmeti pripadaju različitim tipovima privjesaka,
a kako su u Muzej dospjeli kao slučajni nalazi pa nam detaljne
arrived in the Museum as chance discoveries, and no detailed
okolnosti nalaza nisu poznate, datirani su pomoću analognih
circumstances are known, they were dated by using analogous
primjeraka s raznih rimskih lokaliteta. Jedini podatak o privjescima
examples from various Roman-era sites. The only data on the
je lokalitet s kojega potječu te, za pojedine predmete, godina
pendants are the sites from which they came and, for some items,
nabave.
the year of their procurement.
Riding gear was decorated with metal ixtures, not only
Konjska orma ukrašavala se metalnim dodacima, i to ne samo
na način da su funkcionalni dijelovi konjske opreme dobivali
by giving the functional components of this gear a decorative
i ukrasnu dimenziju (kopče, razvodnici i sl.) već su se dodavali
dimension (buckles, bit rings, etc.) but also by adding exclusively
i isključivo ukrasni dijelovi, koji su pridonosili dojmu koji je
decorative components, which contributed to the impression
konjanik ostavljao svojom pojavom. Oprema konja ovisila je o
created by the rider’s appearance. Riding gear depended on the
statusu konjanika u društvu, odnosno o vojničkom rangu. Pri
social status of the rider, i.e. his military rank. Classiication of a
određivanju nekog predmeta kao dijela vojničke opreme, osobito
given item as a component of military equipment, particularly
kad su okolnosti u kojima je pronađen nepoznate, pomažu
when the circumstances of its discovery are not known, is aided
brojni slični nalazi iz vojnih logora, prikazi konjanika na vojničkim
by numerous similar inds from military camps, portrayals of
nadgrobnim spomenicima te opisi konjaništva u izvorima.
horsemen on military grave monuments,3 and descriptions of
Pomoću prikaza na spomenicima, premda je na njima oprema
cavalry in the sources.4 Based on the portrayals on the monuments,
često pojednostavnjena ili samo naznačena, moguće je barem
even if the gear on them is simpliied or vaguely indicated, it
približno odrediti način na koji su privjesci nošeni te utvrditi
nonetheless is possible to approximate the manner in which
socijalni i vojnički statut nositelja. Pisani su izvori značajni jer
pendants were worn, and the social and military status of the
sadrže velik broj podataka o vojnoj opremi, bilo da izravno opisuju
bearer. Written sources are important because a great deal of data
način proizvodnje i uporabe vojničke opreme, bilo da to čine
on military equipment, whether they directly or indirectly describe
neizravno, u povijesnim opisima, pravničkim spisima i sl. Privjesci
the methods for production and use of military gear, and through
orme nisu služili isključivo kao ukras već im se oblikom, detaljem
historical descriptions, legal documents, etc. Harness pendants
ili prikazima na njima dodavalo simboličko značenje. Najvažnija
did not serve exclusively as decorations, rather their form, details
je bila zaštitna uloga, kako bi se od konja i konjanika odvratili zlo
or the images on them added a symbolic meaning. The protective
i nesreća. Simboličko značenje konjaničkih privjesaka možemo
role was most important, as they were meant to ward of evil and
samo pretpostaviti, no s priličnom sigurnošću, jer je vjerovanje u
misfortune. The symbolic meaning of riding harness pendants
moć simbola u rimsko doba bila iznimno raširena. Vjerojatno su
can only be assumed, as belief in the power of symbols was
privjesci imali zaštitnu ulogu za konja i konjanika, osobito lunulasti
very widespread in the Roman era. Pendants probably had this
i falusoidni, a snaga djelovanja tih dvaju simbola pojačavala se
protective role for both the horse and rider, particularly the lunular
3
1
2
3
4
4
Ivčević 2008.
Predmete je konzervirala I. Prpa Stojanac. Crteže je izradio B. Penđer,
fotograije T. Seser.
Bishop 1988, str. 68-91, donosi i analizira neke nadgrobne spomenike;
također za konjaničke spomenike vidi: Gabelmann 1973 i Jenkins 1985,
str. 151, bilj. 17. Na području rimske Dalmacije sačuvano je nekoliko
vojničkih spomenika koji prikazuju konjanika, i to oba tipa spomenika (oni
koji prikazuju jahača kako napada neprijatelja i oni koji u donjem polju
stele prikazuju slugu kako vodi konja). Nažalost, zbog loše očuvanosti
na tim se spomenicima oprema ne vidi dobro. Kao primjer za prvi tip
navedimo stelu iz Narone, Cambi 1980, str. 136, sl. 5; stela iz Trilja, Cambi
2008, str. 102, sl. 27; ulomak stele Marka Percenija iz Trilja, Tončinić 2004;
stelema s prikazom konja kojeg vodi sluga pripada na primjer ona Marka
Elvadija iz Košuta kod Garduna, Schönauer 2001, str. 256-259, T. X.
Bishop, Coulston 2006, str. 39-42.
1
2
3
4
Ivčević 2008.
The items were restored by I. Prpa Stojanac. Sketches were made by B.
Penđer, photograph by T. Seser.
Bishop 1988, pp. 68-91, provides and analyzes some grave monuments,
also for cavalry monuments see: Gabelmann 1973 and Jenkins 1985, p.
151, note 17. Several military monuments depicting horsemen have been
preserved in the territory of Roman Dalmatia - both types of monuments
(those depicting the rider attacking an opponent and those which in the
lower stela show a servant leading the horse). Unfortunately, due to the
poor state of preservation of these monuments, the riding gear cannot be
seen very well. An example of the irst type is a stela from Narona, Cambi
1980, p. 136, Fig. 5; a stela from Trilj, Cambi 2008, p. 102, Fig. 27; a fragment
of the stela of Marcus Percenius from Trilj, Tončinić 2004; stelae depicting a
horse led by a servant, for example that of Marcus Elvadius from Košute at
Gardun, Schönauer 2001, pp. 256-259, P. X.
Bishop, Coulston 2006, pp. 39-42.
77
VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91
kod nekih tipova još i prikazom ige.5
and phalloid pendants, and the power of these two symbols was
Od šest ovdje obrađenih privjesaka iz Salone, dva pripadaju
lunulastima, dva trodijelnima listolikima, jedan je suzoliki, a jedan
enhanced on some types by the additional portrayal of a “iga ist”
(a ist with thumb tucked beneath the ingers).5
Of the six pendants from Salona covered here, two are lunular,
srcoliki.
Lunulasti privjesci čest su nalaz na lokalitetima rimskog doba.
Javljaju se od vremena cara Augusta i traju tijekom cijeloga 1. st.6
two are three-piece foliate pendants, one is tear-shaped, and one is
heart-shaped.
Lunula je imala zaštitno značenje i vjerojatno je to jedan od razloga
Lunular pendants are a frequent ind at Roman-era sites. They
dobrog prihvaćanja tog oblika.7 Običaj ukrašavanja konjske orme
appeared throughout the era of Emperor Augustus and the entire
takvim privjescima već je postojao kod keltskih konjanika, a od
irst century.6 The lunula had protective symbolism and it was
augustovskog doba privjeske rabe i rimski konjanici.
probably one of the reasons why this form was so widely adopted.7
8
Privjesak pod kataloškim brojem 1 pripada uobičajenim
The custom of decorating riding harnesses with such pendants had
oblicima, koji su čest nalaz na vojnim i civilnim lokalitetima.
already existed among Celtic horsemen, while as of the Augustan
Prema Bishopovoj tipologiji privjesaka možemo ga svrstati u tip
era Roman horsemen also used these pendants.8
The pendant under catalogue number 1 belongs among
9d. Radi se o inačici sa zaobljenim ramenima i ušicom izrađenom
savijanjem prema naprijed. Lunulasti privjesci jako su dobro
the customary forms, which are frequently found at military and
zastupljeni, s iznimkom inačica sa četvrtastim gornjim dijelom,
civilian sites. According to Bishop’s typology, these pendants can
koje su rijetke (tip Bishop 9a-c). Privjesci tog tipa uglavnom
be classiied as type 9d. This is a variant with rounded shoulders
su imali posebno izrađen središnji privjesak obješen u sredini
and loops rendered by bending forward. Lunular pendants are very
lunule. Na našem primjerku je listolikog oblika, obješen pomoću
well represented, with the exception of the variant with squarish
ušice savijene prema natrag. Središnji privjesci, koje Bishop
upper section, which are rare (Bishop 9a-c type). Pendants of
izdvaja u skupinu 8 i ne datira preciznije, različitih su oblika, a
this type generally had a separately made central pendant hung
zajedničko obilježje im je da su malih dimenzija i imaju ušicu
inside the lunula. On the example examined here, it is leaf-shaped,
izrađenu savijanjem, a ne lijevanjem. Isti su se oblici izrađivali i u
hung with the help of a backward-bent loop. Central pendants,
većim dimenzijama i rabili kao samostalni privjesci. Ovi manjih
which Bishop set aside into group 8 and did not date precisely,
dimenzija mogli su također služiti kao privjesci vojničke pregače.9
assumed various forms, but what they had in common were small
Privjesci malih dimenzija u obliku falusa mogli su služiti i kao
dimensions and a loop made by drawing or bending rather than
središnji privjesak, no često su se nosili oko vrata kao amuleti i bez
forging. The same forms were made in larger dimensions as well
okolnosti nalaza teško ih je pripisati vojničkoj opremi.10
and used as separate pendants altogether. These smaller examples
M. C. Bishop u svojoj tipologiji privjesaka posebno izdvaja
could also be used as pendants on military apron.9 Small phallus-
lunulaste (tip 9), kojem pripada naš primjerak pod kataloškim
shaped pendants could also serve as central pendants, but often
brojem 1, te dvije skupine lunulastih falusoidnih: tip 6, kod kojeg
they were worn as amulets, and without the circumstances of their
je lunula okrenuta prema dolje, i tip 10, s lunulom okrenutom
discovery it is diicult to ascribe them to military gear.10
In his pendant typology, M. C. Bishop particularly classiied
prema gore, kojem pripada naš privjesak pod kataloškim brojem
2. Osim ovdje obrađenog privjeska, iz Salone potječu još dva
lunular pendants (type 9), to which the example here under
lunulasto-falusoidna privjeska. Oba pripadaju skupini 10, različitim
catalogue number 1 belongs, and two groups of a lunular-phalloid
inačicama (10c i 10r), koje su obje prilično rijetko zastupljene.11
pendants: type 6, on which the lunula is turned downward, and type
Za lunulaste falusoidne privjeske također nije sasvim jasno jesu li
10, with the lunula turned upward, to which the pendant under
rabljeni za konje za vuču ili vojničke konje,12 no često su nalaženi u
catalogue number 2 belongs. Besides the pendant covered here,
vojničkom kontekstu, osobito oni s kombinacijom ige i falusa.
two lunular-phalloid pendants also come from Salona. Both belong
Snažno apotropejsko značenje imali su lunulasti falusoidni
to group 10, in diferent variants (10c and 10r), which are rather
rarely represented.11 In the case of lunular-phalloid pendants, it is
5
Lunula ja snažan zaštitni simbol, privjesci u obliku falusa nošeni su
za zaštitu od zla, a iga je poznata još od antičkog doba kao gesta sa
zaštitnim značenjem, a tek je u srednjem vijeku postala simbol poruge
i uvrede, Kohlert-Nemeth 1988, str. 68; Koščević 2003, str. 30, 32; Ivčević
2003, str. 138.
6 Bishop 1988, str. 98.
7 Bishop 1987, str. 118.
8 Deschler-Erb 1999, str. 55.
9 Bishop 1992, str. 85, sl. 5. 14.
10 Oldenstein 1977, str. 159.
11 Ivčević 2008, str. 219, T. II. 9, 10.
12 Bishop 1988, str. 98.
78
5
The lunula is a powerful protective symbol, phallus-shaped pendants
were worn to ward of evil, while “iga” ists were known since ancient
times as a gesture with protective meaning, and only in the Middle Ages
did it become a symbol of vice and insults, Kohlert-Nemeth 1988, p. 68;
Koščević 2003, pp. 30, 32; Ivčević 2003, p. 138.
6 Bishop 1988, p. 98.
7 Bishop 1987, p. 118.
8 Deschler-Erb 1999, p. 55.
9 Bishop 1992, p. 85, Fig. 5. 14.
10 Oldenstein 1977, p. 159.
11 Ivčević 2008, p. 219, P. II. 9, 10.
Sanja Ivčević
Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone
Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona
privjesci, kojima pripada13 privjesak pod kataloškim brojem 2.
also not entirely clear as to weather they were used by draught or
Prema Bishopovoj tipologiji privjesaka pripada tipu 10, a najbliži
military horses,12 but they were often found in a military context,
je inačici 10h, kojoj su značajke: lunula okrenuta prema gore sa
particularly in combination with the “iga” ist and phallus.
završecima u obliku šake stisnute u igu i falusa, prstenasta ušica
A powerful apotropaic meaning was accorded to lunular-
za vješanje, te s donje strane falusoidni privjesak i tri ušice za
phalloid pendants, to which the pendant13 under catalogue number
vješanje privjesaka. Već na prvi pogled na našem se primjerku
2 belongs. According to Bishop’s pendant typology, it belongs to
zamjećuje nedorađenost, te je moguće da je riječ o nedovršenom
type 10, and its nearest variant is 10h, which bears these features:
ili loše lijevanom primjerku. Čini se da je kružni otvor na pločici
a lunula turned upward with ends shaped like a good luck ist
s gornje strane lunule načinjen naknadno, ne lijevanjem, kako je
and a phallus, a ring-shaped loop for hanging, and, on the lower
uobičajeno kod prstenastih ušica, kakve su imali takvi privjesci.
side, a phalloid pendant and three loops for hanging the pendant.
Nadalje, završeci lunule nisu do kraja obrađeni i ne postoje
A irst glance of this example reveals its lack of reinement, and
otvori za vješanje privjesaka na pločicama s donje strane. O tom
it is possible that this is an uninished or poorly cast article. It
primjerku postoji samo podatak da potječe iz Salone. Nije poznato
would appear that the circular opening on the plate on the upper
kako je dospio u Muzej, je li kupljen ili pronađen na lokalitetu.
portion of the lunula was made subsequently, and not forged as
Zbog nedovršenosti ostaje otvoreno pitanje je li uopće ušao
was customary for ring-shaped loops which such pendants had.
u uporabu i bio nošen u antičko vrijeme. Privjesci s ušicama za
Furthermore, the tips of the lunula were not entirely rendered
privjeske s donje strane nešto su rjeđi od onih koji pripadaju
and there are no openings to hang the pendants on plates on the
istome tipu, ali nisu imali privjeske.14 Lunulasti privjesci traju od
lower side. The only extant information on this example is that it is
augustovskog razdoblja do početka 3. st., no primjerci poput
originally from Salona. It is not known how it arrived in the Museum,
našeg datiraju se u 1. st.16
whether it was purchased or found at a site. Its incompleteness
15
Trodijelni listoliki privjesci konstrukcijski se razvijaju iz
leaves open the question as to whether it was ever used or worn
lunulastih, i to onih sa središnjim privjeskom (tip Bishop 9).
during the Roman era. Pendants with loops for pendants on the
Javljaju se od klaudijevskog do lavijevskog vremena, nakon čega
lower side are somewhat more rare than those belonging to the
uglavnom izlaze iz upotrebe. A. K. Lawson i M. Mackensen
same group but without pendants.14 Lunular pendants appeared
datiraju pojavu tih privjesaka u tiberijevsko-klaudijevsko vrijeme,
from the Augustan era to the early third century,15 but examples like
no M. C. Bishop tvrdi da su najraniji sigurno datirani primjerci iz
these are dated throughout the irst century.16
17
18
Klaudijeva doba. Deschler-Erb donosi jedan primjerak iz Augsta
The three-piece foliate pendants developed structurally from
19
pronađen s materijalom iz Tiberijeva doba, a jedan je primjerak
the lunular pendants, speciically those with central pendants
u Daciji datiran u 2. st., 20 te je pitanje precizne datacije pojave i
(Bishop 9 type). They appeared from the Claudian through Flavian
trajanja takvih privjesaka još otvoreno. Osim oblika u velikoj mjeri
eras, after which they generally fell out of use. A. K. Lawson17 and
im je promijenjeno i simboličko značenje, pa su tako na tom tipu
M. Mackensen18 dated these pendants to the Tiberian-Claudian era,
više zastupljeni simboli plodnosti (hrast i žir, vinova loza i grožđe),
but M. C. Bishop asserted that the earliest certainly dated examples
dok je kod najranijih lunulastih bila jača zaštitna uloga. Uvijek su
are from the Claudian era.19 Deschler-Erb published an example
bili vezani s falerom, te gotovo redovito posrebreni i nijelirani.
from Augst found with materials from the Tiberian era, and one
Postoje brojne inačice oblika; središnji je dio izrađen uglavnom
example from Dacia was dated to the second century,20 so the
poput lista, a osnovni motivi ukrasa su biljni (hrast, vitice, lišće
question of the precise dating of the appearance and duration of
vinove loze, stilizirani grozdovi i sl.).
such pendants still remains open. Besides their form, their symbolic
Dva primjerka iz Salone pripadaju trodijelnim listolikim
signiicance also changed, so that fertility symbols (oak and acorns,
privjescima koje Bishop u svojoj tipologiji stavlja u tip 1. Luksuzni
vines and grapes) are more present on this type, while the earliest
privjesak (kat. br. 3, slika 1) odstupa u nekim detaljima od takvih
lunular pendants had a more pronounced protective role. They were
privjesaka; sa stražnje strane ima dva trna kojima je bio učvršćen
always connected by a phalera, and almost regularly silver-plated
na neku podlogu, a prstenasti oblik ušice za vješanje koja je
and niellated. There are numerous variations in form, generally the
vodoravna u odnosu na privjesak, također nije odveć čest. Takva
central part is like a leaf, while the basic decorations are plant motifs
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Kohlert-Németh 1988, str. 66; Koščević 2003, str. 30, 32.
Bolla 1997, str. 118.
Voirol 2000, str. 24; Bishop 1988, str. 98.
Radman-Livaja 2004, str. 114.
Lawson 1978, str. 153.
Mackensen 1991, str. 174.
Bishop 1988, str. 96.
Deschler-Erb 1999, str. 54.
Bishop 1988, str. 96, 142, sl. 43, str. 145, sl. 44.
Bishop 1988, p. 98.
Kohlert-Németh 1988, p. 66; Koščević 2003, pp. 30, 32.
Bolla 1997, p. 118.
Voirol 2000, p. 24; Bishop 1988, p. 98.
Radman-Livaja 2004, p. 114.
Lawson 1978, p. 153.
Mackensen 1991, p. 174.
Bishop 1988, p. 96.
Deschler-Erb 1999, p. 54.
79
VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91
se ušica češće javlja kod falusoidnih privjesaka (Bishop 10). Na
(oak, vines, grape leaves, stylized grape bunches, etc.).
prednjoj strani privjeska vidljivi su ostaci posrebrenja po cijeloj
površini, a urezani biljni motivi ispunjeni su nijelom. Po svojim
Two examples from Salona belong to the three-piece foliate
pendants which Bishop classiied as type 1 in his typology.21 A
značajkama taj je privjesak najbliži inačici Bishop 1x, s većom
luxurious pendant (cat. no. 3, ig. 1) difers from such pendants in
razlikom u obliku ušice za vješanje, koja je prstenasta, a nalazimo
some details; on its back there are two small prongs with which
je na inačici 1v.22
the pendant was fastened to a base, while the ring-shaped loop for
hanging which is horizontal in relation to the pendant is not very
Luksuzni privjesci za ormu ukrašavani su viticama i
grozdovima te listovima vinove loze. Na salonitanskom su
common, either. It often appears on phalloid pendants (Bishop
primjerku listovi iz kojih se izvija vitica srcoliki te podsjećaju
10). On the front of the pendant, the remains of silver-plating are
na list bršljana; slični privjesci, poput onih iz Xantena23 ili
visible over the entire surface, and the engraved plant motifs were
Fürstenberga,24 na tom su mjestu imali list vinove loze. Čini se da
inlaid with niello. In terms of features, this pendant is closest to the
je kod ukrašavanja konjske opreme rabljen motiv vinove loze, a
Bishop 1x variant, with the essential diference in the shape of the
oprema za pješaštvo bila je ukrašavana nekom drugom biljnom
loop for hanging, which is ring-shaped, and which can be found on
ornamentikom. Takvi su privjesci uvijek vješani na faleru. Postoji
variant 1v.22
25
pretpostavka da su dodjeljivani kao dona militaria, ili uz njih,
Luxurious pendants for riding harnesses are decorated with
26
osobito trodijelni listoliki privjesci, koji su katkad izrađivani u
tendrils and grapes and grape leaves. On the Salona example, the
iznimno luksuznoj inačici, a oblikom i ukrasom vežu se uz hrastov
leaves, from which the tendrils extend, are heart-shaped and recall
list te bi se mogli povezati s corona civica,27 koja se dodjeljivala
ivy leaves, while similar pendants, such as those from Xanten23 or
za zasluge u spašavanju života rimskih građana.28 Neki autori
Fürstenberg24 have grape leaves at that same place. It would appear
iznose pretpostavku da su osvajani kao nagrada u konjičkim
that the grape vine motif was used in the decoration of riding
natjecanjima29 ili vojničkim sportskim natjecanjima i sličnim
gear, while some other plant ornaments were used for infantry
nadmetanjima. Dimenzije i kvaliteta obrade salonitanskog
equipment.25 Such pendants were always hung of of phalerae.
primjerka sugeriraju da je služio kao središnji ukras na prsima
There is the hypothesis that they were conferred with or as dona
konja. Kod proučavanja luksuznih primjeraka treba uzeti u obzir
militaria,26 particularly the three-piece foliate pendants, which were
i da su se prenosili s jednog na drugog vlasnika, što je dobro
sometimes made in exceptionally luxurious variants, with a form and
dokumentirano graitima na opremi.32
decoration associated with oak leaves, and they may be brought
30
31
Istome tipu pripada i privjesak manjih dimenzija pod
into connection with the corona civica27 which was conferred for
kataloškim brojem 4, koji se po osnovnim značajkama potpuno
saving the lives of Roman citizens.28 Some authors believe they were
uklapa u Bishop tip 1.33 Gornji dio je zaobljen, ušica za vješanje
won as awards in equestrian competitions,29 or in internal military
izrađena savijanjem prema natrag, središnji krak završava
sporting tournaments or similar contests.30 The dimensions and
palmetom, kao i bočni krakovi, koji su izvijeni i tvore suzolike
quality of rendering of the Salona example suggest that it served
otvore sa strane. Najbliži je varijantama 1h i 1l, no od obje se
as a decoration on the chest of a horse.31 When studying luxurious
razlikuje. Dok varijanta 1h ima dva kraka u donjem dijelu, naš
examples, consideration must be accorded to the fact that they
34
35
were changed hands from one owner to another, which is welldocumented on the graiti on this equipment.32
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
80
Bishop 1988, str. 145, sl. 44, 1v, 1x.
Büttner 1957, T. 7. 2.
Boube-Piccot 1964, T. I.
Bishop 1988, str. 115.
Lawson 1978, str. 152, 153.
Corona civica bila je visoko rangirano odličje koje se dodjeljivalo
vojnicima zaslužnima za spašavanje života rimskih građana, izrađivala se
od hrastova lišća sa žirevima, te se kod dijela autora javila asocijacija na
trodijelne listolike privjeske, Lawson 1978, str. 153.
Lawson 1978, str. 152.
Jenkins 1985, str. 157, bilj. 32.
Lawson 1978, str. 152, bilj. 49.
A. K. Lawson ih dijeli prema širini pa su tako oni širine oko 7 cm vjerojatno
služili kao središnji ukras na čelu ili prsima, oni širine oko 5 cm vješali su
se na remenje po tijelu, a oni širine oko 2 cm na remenje na glavi konja;
Lawson 1978, str. 153.
Jenkins 1985, str. 155.
Bishop 1988, str. 96.
Bishop 1988, str. 142, sl. 43. 1h.
Bishop 1988, str. 142, sl. 43. 1l.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Bishop 1988, p. 96, 142, Fig. 43, p. 145, Fig. 44.
Bishop 1988, p. 145, Fig. 44, 1v, 1x.
Büttner 1957, P. 7. 2.
Boube-Piccot 1964, P. I.
Bishop 1988, p. 115.
Lawson 1978, pp. 152, 153.
The corona civica was a high honour conferred to soldiers for
distinguished accomplishments in saving the lives of Roman citizens,
made of oak leaves with acorns, and some scholars have associated them
with the three-piece foliate pendants, Lawson 1978, p. 153.
Lawson 1978, p. 152.
Jenkins 1985, p. 157, note 32.
Lawson 1978, p. 152, note 49.
A. K. Lawson divided them by width, so those approximately 7 cm wide
probably served as the central decoration on the forehead or chest, those 5
cm wide were hung on the straps along the body, and those approximately
2 cm wide hung on the straps on the horse’s head; Lawson 1978, p. 153.
Jenkins 1985, p. 155.
Sanja Ivčević
Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone
Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona
Slika 1.
Trodijelni listoliki privjesak, druga polovica 1. st.
Figure 1.
Three-piece foliate pendant. latter half of irst cent.
primjerak ima tri, a kod varijante 1l krakovi su različite dužine,
A smaller pendant under catalogue number 4, belongs to the
i ima otvore na gornjem dijelu te nedostaje poprečna vrpca
same type, which completely corresponds to the Bishop 1 type
na središnjem kraku. Takvi su privjesci bili redovito ukrašavani
according to its basic features.33 The upper part is rounded, the loop
urezivanjem, posrebrenjem i nijelom.36 Na površini tog privjeska
for hanging was rendered by bending it backward, the middle arm
vidljivi su ostaci ukrasa posrebrenjem i nijeliranjem. Kod našeg se
terminates in a palmette, like the adjunct arms which are curved,
primjerka vide ostaci posrebrenja te urezanog ukrasa koji je bio
forming tear-shaped openings on the side. The most similar are
ispunjen srebrom. Nema ostataka nijeliranja. Motivi su bili urezani
variants 1h34 and 1l,35 but they difer from both. While variant 1h has
u broncu i ispunjeni srebrom. Uz rub su bile urezane vitice, a u
two arms in the lower part, this example has three, while variant 1l
sredini zvjezdoliki motiv. Privjesci poput našeg br. 4, vješani su za
has arms of difering lengths and openings on the upper section,
faleru i vjerojatno su ukrašavali bočno remenje orme.
and the perpendicular band on the middle arm is absent. Such
Suzolik oblik, ušica izrađena savijanjem prema naprijed i dno
pendants were regularly decorated by engraving, silver-plating
u obliku kuglastog zadebljanja smještaju privjesak pod kataloškim
and niello inlaying.36 On this example, the remains of silver-plating
brojem 5 u Bishopov tip 5. Pojava se tih privjesaka stavlja u
and engraved decorations inlaid with silver are visible. There are no
klaudijevsko razdoblje, a traju do kraja 2. st. Naš primjerak
remains of niello. The motifs were engraved in bronze and inlaid
po nekim detaljima odstupa od privjesaka tog tipa, ponajprije
with silver. There were engraved tendrils along the edge, and there is
po ukrasu od koncentričnih kružnica, koji nije uobičajen, te po
a stellate motif in the middle. Pendants like this no. 4 were hung by
naglašenom kuglastom ukrasu na dnu koji je kod privjesaka tipa
phalerae and probably decorated the side straps of harnesses.
36 Jenkins 1985, str. 145.
37 A. Voirol ih datira od klaudijevskog do Trajanova doba: Voirol 2000, str. 24;
M. C. Bishop im pojavu stavlja u klaudijevsko doba: Bishop 1988, str. 96;
Radman-Livaja 2004, str. 113.
33
34
35
36
37
Bishop 1988, p. 96.
Bishop 1988, p. 142, Fig. 43. 1h.
Bishop 1988, p. 142, Fig. 43. 1l.
Jenkins 1985, p. 145.
81
VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91
Bishop 5, ako ga imaju, uglavnom jednostavniji i manjih dimenzija.
The features of the pendant under catalogue number 5, its
Izražena ravna ramena podsjećaju na tip 7, no da bismo ga
tear-shape, its loop made by bending forward, and a bottom
pripisali tom tipu, nedostaju mu neke karakteristike.
shaped like a spherical knob, designate it as Bishop’s type 5. The
Primjerak donekle sličan našem je iz Vindonisse, koji se
appearance of these pendants is placed in the Claudian era, and
razlikuje po kvalitetnijoj izradi. Dok naš primjerak ima tek urezane
they endured until the end of the second century.37 This example
tri koncentrične kružnice i jednostavnu, prema naprijed savijenu
deviates from pendants of that type in some details. First and
ušicu, onaj iz Vindonisse ima ušicu izrađenu u obliku glave ptice
foremost, the concentric circle decoration, which is not customary,
ukrašenu polukružnim urezima, a kružnice na tijelu ispunjene
and the prominent spherical decoration on the bottom, which
su rozetama. Konstrukcija i oblik privjeska i kuglastog ukrasa na
if they even exist on Bishop 5 pendants are much simpler and
dnu pokazuju veliku bliskost između ta dva predmeta. Najbliža
smaller. The prominent straight shoulder recalls type 7, but some
tipološka deinicija tog privjeska je rani suzoliki oblik, odnosno
characteristics are lacking for it to be ascribed to this type.
38
prijelazni oblik od trodijelnih listolikih ka suzolikima. Bočni dodaci
An example somewhat similar to this one is from Vindonissa,38
u donjem dijelu privjeska bili bi reducirani krakovi oblika iz kojeg
which are distinguished by their higher quality rendering. While
se tipološki razvija. Salonitanski bismo primjerak mogli datirati
the example examined here has only three engraved concentric
u klaudijevsko razdoblje, odnosno početak razvoja tipa. Takav je
circles and a simple, forward bent loop, the one from Vindonissa
jedan privjesak iz Augsta.39
has a loop shaped like a bird’s head decorated with semi-circular
Značajke privjeska broj 6 su srcoliki oblik, ušica za vješanje
incisions, while the circles on the body are illed with rosettes.
izrađena savijanjem prema poleđini privjeska, ukras u gornjem
The construction and form of the pendant and spherical The
dijelu izveden probojima; završetak na dnu nije sačuvan, ali prema
construction and form of the pendant and the spherical decoration
analogijama možemo pretpostaviti da je imao kuglasti ukras. Takvi
on the bottom indicate the great similarity between these two
privjesci pripadaju u skupinu koju M. C. Bishop deinira kao tip 5.
items. The closest typological deinition of this pendant is the early
Primjerak iz Salone oblikom odgovara njegovoj inačici 5a, ukras
tear-shaped form, i.e. the transitional form from the three-piece
je također jako blizak onome na našem primjerku, no razlika se
foliate to the tear-shaped variety. The adjunct appendages in the
zamjećuje u načinu izrade ušice jer naš je primjerak imao ušicu
lower part of the pendant would be reduced arms of the form from
izrađenu savijanjem prema poleđini; no taj konstrukcijski element
which it typologically developed. This example can therefore be
ih ne uvjetuje ni vremenski ni tipološki.41
dated to the Claudian era, i.e. the beginning of development of this
40
J. Oldenstein je ovu skupinu, kako je on naziva, srcolikih
privjesaka, podijelio u dvije osnovne skupine, koje dalje dijeli na
type. An example from Augst is of this type.39
The features of pendant number 6 are its heart-shape, the
inačice. Primjerci poput naših nalaze se u skupini koju naziva
loop for hanging made by its bending toward the back of the
srcoliki privjesci s dnom u obliku puceta.43 Datira ih u 1. i 2. st.,
pendant, the decoration in the upper part rendered by repoussé,
s time da drži kako glatki srcoliki privjesci dulje traju od onih
the tip on the bottom is not preserved but, based on analogies,
ukrašenih na proboj. R. Koščević sisačke primjerke obrađuje
it can be assumed to terminate with a spherical decoration. Such
pod zajedničkim nazivom listoliki ili srcoliki privjesci.44 U njezinu
pendants belong to the group which M. C. Bishop deined as type
skupinu 5c uvršteni su primjerci poput našeg, datirani u 1. st., s
5. The example from Salona corresponds to his variant 5a,40 the
napomenom da su češći u istočnom dijelu Carstva.
decoration is also quite close to this example, but the diference
42
45
Najraniji privjesci konjske orme javljaju se od početka 1. st.,
can be seen in the manner of rendering the loop, because this
a traju sve do kraja 2. st. Već od druge polovice 2. st. privjesci
example has a loop made by bending it toward the back, but this
izlaze iz mode, a njihovo mjesto zauzimaju ukrasne pločice, o
construction element neither chronologically nor typologically
čemu svjedoči nedostatak nalaza u vojničkim grobovima, kao
delimits them.41
J. Oldenstein divided this group of, as he called them, heartshaped pendants into two basic groups, which he further broke
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
82
Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, T. 49. 1350.
Deschler-Erb 1999, T. 26. 535.
Bishop 1988, str. 147, sl. 45; 5a Radman-Livaja 2004, str. 113.
Kod sisačkih primjeraka koji su jako slični salonitanskom također su
ušice savijene prema poleđini (Koščević 1991, T. XIV. 211, 212), dok treći
primjerak iste varijante ima ušicu savijenu prema naprijed (Koščević 1991,
T. XIV. 213). Oldenstein u istu skupinu ubraja još i one kojima je ušica
izrađena lijevanjem (Oldenstein 1978, T. 30. 199).
Oldenstein 1977, str. 124. i dalje.
Oldenstein 1977, T. 29. 194.
Koščević 1991, str. 47.
Koščević 1991, str. 50, T. XIV. 211, 212.
37 A. Voirol dated them from the Claudian era to Trajan’s reign. Voirol 2000, p.
24; M. C. Bishop placed their appearance in the Claudian era: Bishop 1988,
p. 96; Radman-Livaja 2004, p. 113.
38 Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, P. 49. 1350.
39 Deschler-Erb 1999, P. 26. 535.
40 Bishop 1988, p. 147, Fig. 45; 5a Radman-Livaja 2004, p. 113.
41 The Sisak examples, which are very similar to those from Salona, also have
loops bent toward the back (Koščević 1991, P. XIV. 211, 212), while the
third example of the same variant has a loop bent forward (Koščević 1991,
P. XIV. 213). Oldenstein included in the same group those on which the
loop was forged (Oldenstein 1978, P. 30. 199).
Sanja Ivčević
Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone
Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona
i na prikazima na kamenim spomenicima.46 Zanimljiv su dio
down into variants.42 Examples such as the one examined here
vojne opreme zbog razvijene tipologije, te značenja koja su
belong to the group he called heart-shaped pendants with
poprimali kao predmeti za koje su nositelji vjerovali da pružaju
button-shaped bottoms.43 He dated them throughout the irst and
stanovitu zaštitu od opasnosti kojoj su vojnici bili izloženi u
second century, although he maintained that the smooth heart-
ratu od neprijateljskog oružja ili u miru od nesreće, ljubomore i
shaped pendants lasted longer than those decorated by repoussé.
zlih pogleda. Šest ovdje obrađenih privjesaka svrstano je u pet
In analyzing the Sisak examples, R. Koščević encompassed them
različitih tipova datiranih u 1. st., a zajedno s već prije obrađenim
under the common term foliate or heart-shaped pendants.44
salonitanskim privjescima, koji su podijeljeni u tri različita tipa,
Examples like the one examined here are included in her group 5c,
a vremenski određeni u 1. i 2. st., svjedoče da su u Saloni bili
and dated to the irst century, with the observation that they are
zastupljeni uglavnom svi poznati osnovni tipovi privjesaka konjske
more frequent in the eastern section of the Empire.45
orme rimske vojske.
The earliest pendants on riding harnesses appeared at the
beginning of the irst century, and they endured until the end of
the second century. Already in the latter half of the second century,
pendants fell out of fashion, and their place was taken by small
decorative brooches, to which the absence of inds in military
graves and in depictions on stone monuments testiies.46 They are
an interesting part of military gear due to their developed typology,
and the meaning which they assumed as items which their bearers
believed accorded them with some protection from the perils to
which soldiers were exposed in combat from enemy weapons or
in peacetime from mishaps, jealousy or malicious glances. The six
pendants analyzed here, classiied in ive diferent types dated
within the framework of the irst century together with some earlier
Salona pendants already analyzed, which were divided into three
diferent types, and dated to the irst and second centuries indicate
that in general, all known basic types of pendants for Roman military
riding harnesses were present in Salona.
46 Lawson 1978, str. 153.
42
43
44
45
46
Oldenstein 1977, p. 124 and passim.
Oldenstein 1977, P. 29. 194.
Koščević 1991, p. 47.
Koščević 1991, p. 50, P. XIV. 211, 212.
Lawson 1978, p. 153.
83
VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91
Katalog
Catalogue
1. Inv. br. H-3411, lunulasti privjesak
1. inv. no. H-3411, lunular pendant
84
Nalazište: Salona
Find site: Salona
Materijal: bronca
Material: bronze
Mjere: vis. 4 cm, šir. 2,8 cm, deblj. 0,1 cm, deblj. ušice 0,85 cm
Dimensions: height - 4 cm, width - 2.8 cm, thickness - 0.1 cm,
Opis: lunulasti privjesak zaobljenih ramena; ušica koja je
thickness of loop - 0.85 cm
izrađena savijanjem prema naprijed završava u obliku zmijske
Description: lunular pendant with rounded shoulders, loop
glave; na krajevima lunule su bikonična zadebljanja, a središnji
rendered by bending forward terminates in snake’s head,
privjesak je listolik i završava ovoidnim zadebljanjem; ušica je
biconical thickening at tops of lunula, middle pendant foliate,
izrađena savijanjem prema natrag i provučena je kroz kružni
terminates in ovoid thickening, loop rendered by bending
otvor na lunuli.
backward and pulled through circular opening on lunula.
Datacija: početak 1. st.
Dating: early irst cent.
Literatura: Unz 1974, str. 39, sl. 11. 126; Lawson 1978, str. 150,
References: Unz 1974, p. 39, Fig. 11. 126; Lawson 1978, p. 150,
sl. 9. 9; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, T. 48. 1325; Simpson 2000, T.
Fig. 9. 9; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, P. 48. 1325; Simpson 2000, P.
28. 15; Radman-Livaja 2004, T. 70. 510; Matešić 2005, str. 127, T.
28. 15; Radman-Livaja 2004, P. 70. 510; Matešić 2005, p. 127, P.
21. 271; Bishop, Coulston 2006, str. 121, sl. 70. 4.
21. 271; Bishop, Coulston 2006, p. 121, Fig. 70. 4.
Sanja Ivčević
Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone
Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona
2. Inv. br. H-580, lunulasti falusoidni privjesak
2. inv. no. H-580, lunular-phalloid pendant
Nalazište: Salona
Find site: Salona
Materijal: bronca
Material: bronze
Mjere: vis. 4,3 cm, šir. 5,85 cm, deblj. 1,35 cm
Dimensions: height - 4.3 cm, width - 5.85 cm, thickness - 1.35 cm
Opis: lunulasti privjesak kojem je lunula okrenuta prema gore;
Description: lunular pendant, lunula turned upward, three
s donje strane su tri kružne pločice koje nisu probušene, a s
circular unpierced plates on lower section, plate with circular
gornje strane je pločica s kružnim otvorom; završeci lunule
opening on upper section, tips of lunula shaped like “iga” ist
su u obliku ige, s jedne, i falusa, s druge strane; privjesak je
on one en and phallus on the other, pendent uninished.
nedorađen.
Dating: irst cent.
Datacija: 1. st.
References: Behrens 1918, p. 29, Fig. 6; Unz 1972, p. 58, Fig. 7.
Literatura: Behrens 1918, str. 29, sl. 6; Unz 1972, str. 58, sl. 7.
71; Unz 1974, pp. 41, 160; Lawson 1978, p. 150, Fig. 9. 12; Bolla
71; Unz 1974, str. 41, 160; Lawson 1978, str. 150, sl. 9. 12; Bolla
1997, P. LIII. 158; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, P. 58. 1612; Franken
1997, T. LIII. 158; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, T. 58. 1612; Franken
1998, p. 108, Fig. 205; Simpson 2000, P. 28. 14.
1998, str. 108, sl. 205; Simpson 2000, T. 28. 14.
85
VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91
3. Inv. br. H-3097, trodijelni listoliki privjesak
86
3. inv. no. H-3097, three-piece foliate pendant
Nalazište: Salona
Find site: Salona
Materijal: bronca, nijelo, srebro
Material: bronze, niello, silver
Mjere: vis. 8,3 cm, šir. 7,75 cm, deblj. 0,4 cm
Dimensions: height - 8.3 cm, width - 7.75 cm, thickness - 0.4 cm
Opis: s donje strane prstenaste ušice za vješanje izvijaju se
Description: ring-shaped loops for hanging on the bottom
dvije vitice koje tvore bubrežaste otvore, a gornji dio privjeska
section, two tendrils curve to form kidney-shaped openings,
ukrašen je biljnim motivom; na središnjem dijelu je bršljanov
upper section of pendant decorated with plant motifs; ivy leaf
list iz kojeg se izvijaju vitice koje završavaju na jednom
in middle section from which tendrils extend which terminate
kraju listom, a na drugom stiliziranim grozdovima; donji
in leaf on one tip and stylized grapes on the other, lower
dio središnjeg rebra nije sačuvan, bočne strane su izvijene
part of central rib not preserved, while lateral sides curve
i stvaraju bubrežaste otvore, a s donje strane završavaju
and create kidney-shaped openings, ending in acorn-shaped
ukrasom u obliku žira; sa stražnje strane na vrhovima bočnih
decoration in lower section, two prongs on back at ends of
ukrasa su dva trna kojima je privjesak bio učvršćen ne
lateral decorations with which the pendant was fastened to a
podlogu.
base.
Datacija: druga polovica 1. st.
Dating: latter half of irst cent.
Literatura: Rabeisen 1990, str. 83, sl. 7. 5; Boube-Piccot 1964,
References: Rabeisen 1990, p. 83, Fig. 7. 5; Boube-Piccot 1964,
str. 147, T. I.
p. 147, P. I.
Sanja Ivčević
Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone
Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona
4. Inv. br. H-4917, trodijelni listoliki privjesak
4. inv. no. H-4917, three-piece foliate pendant
Nalazište: Salona
Find site: Salona
Materijal: bronca, srebro
Material: bronze, silver
Mjere: vis. 5,1 cm, šir. 4,2 cm, deblj. 0,25 cm, deblj. ušice 0,6 cm
Dimensions: height - 5.1 cm, width - 4.2 cm, thickness - 0.25
Opis: gornji pločasti dio privjeska u donjem dijelu se razdvaja
cm, thickness of loop - 0.6 cm
na tri kraka od kojih se središnji postupno sužava i završava
Description: upper lattened section of the pendant in the
poprečnom vrpčicom, ispod koje je palmeta; bočni krakovi
lower part divides into three arms, of which the middle arm
se izvijaju i spajaju s privjeskom tvoreći suzoliki otvor, na dnu
gradually narrows and terminates in small perpendicular band
su im palmete; ušica je izrađena savijanjem prema stražnjoj
below which there is a palmette; the lateral arms curve and
strani; s prednje strane privjesak je bio posrebren po cijeloj
merge with the pendant creating a tear-shaped opening, with
površini, od čega su sačuvani samo tragovi; ukras je izrađen
palmettes at their bottom; loop-hole is rendered by bending
urezivanjem u broncu i umetanjem srebra u urezani motiv
backward, pendant was silver-plated over entire frontal
koji se sastojao od vitica uz rub, koje su završavale utisnutim
surface, of which only traces have been preserved, decoration
krugom te središnjim zvjezdolikim listom.
made by engraving in bronze and inlaying silver into engraved
Datacija: druga polovica 1. st.
motif, which consisted of vines along edge which terminated
Literatura: Ritterling 1913, T. XII. 37; Boube-Piccot 1964, T. VIII.
in impressed circle and a central stellate leaf.
4; Rabeisen 1990, str. 83, sl. 7. 4; Mackensen 1991, str. 171, sl. 2.
Dating: latter half of irst cent.
4, 5; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, T. 51. 1385; Simpson 2000, T. 28.
References: Ritterling 1913, P. XII. 37; Boube-Piccot 1964, P. VIII.
4; Voirol 2000, str. 53, T. 11. 101; Nicolay 2002, str. 58, sl. 7; Fahr
4; Rabeisen 1990, p. 83, Fig. 7. 4; Mackensen 1991, p. 171, Fig.
2005, sl. 9. 2.
2. 4, 5; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, P. 51. 1385; Simpson 2000, P. 28.
4; Voirol 2000, p. 53, P. 11. 101; Nicolay 2002, p. 58, Fig. 7; Fahr
2005, Fig. 9. 2.
87
VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91
5. Inv. br. 2382, suzoliki privjesak
88
5. inv. no. 2382, tear-shaped pendant
Nalazište: Salona
Find site: Salona
Materijal: bronca
Material: bronze
Mjere: vis. 6,1 cm, šir. 3,8 cm, deblj. 0,15, deblj. ušice 1 cm
Dimensions: height - 6.1 cm, width - 3.8 cm, thickness - 0.15,
Opis: privjesak je najširi u gornjem dijelu, prema dnu se
thickness of loop - 1 cm
sužava; zbog oštećenja s obje strane nije moguće utvrditi jesu
Description: pendant is widest in its upper section, narrows
li bočne strane bile ravno odsječene; površina je ukrašena
toward bottom, but not uniformly rather with semi-circular
trima urezanim koncentričnim kružnicama koje na sredini
protrusion on both sides, surface decorated with three
imaju kružnu rupicu; jedna rupica se nalazi na sredini gornjeg
engraved concentric circles which have small circular hole in
dijela i možda je služila za provlačenje zakovice; ušica je
middle, one hole in the middle of the upper section, perhaps
izrađena savijanjem prema naprijed, a dno privjeska je u
used to pull through rivets, loop rendered by bending
obliku kuglastog ukrasa.
forward, bottom of pendant shaped like spherical decoration.
Datacija: 1. st.
Dating: irst cent.
Literatura: Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, T. 49. 1350.
References: Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, P. 49. 1350.
Sanja Ivčević
Neobjavljeni privjesci rimske konjske orme iz Salone
Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona
6. Inv. br. H 2413, srcoliki privjesak
6. inv. no. H 2413, heart-shaped pendant
Nalazište: Salona
Find site: Salona
Materijal: bronca
Material: bronze
Mjere: vis. 3,65 cm, šir. 2,8 cm, deblj. 0,25 cm
Dimensions: height - 3.65 cm, width - 2.8 cm, thickness - 0.25 cm
Opis: privjesak ima srcolik oblik; ušica za vješanje, kojoj
Description: heart-shaped pendant, loop for hanging, with
nedostaje dio, izrađena je savijanjem prema poleđini;
part missing, made by bending toward back side, bottom and
nedostaje dno i dio gornje desne strane; u gornjem dijelu
part of upper right side missing, decorated in upper section by
ukrašen je probojima bubrežastog i ovalnog oblika.
repoussé with kidney and oval shapes.
Datacija: 1. st.
Dating: irst cent.
Literatura: Oldenstein 1976, T. 29. 194; Petru, Petru 1978, T. XV.
References: Oldenstein 1976, P. 29. 194; Petru, Petru 1978, P.
27; Koščević 1991, T. XIV. 211, 212; Kovač, Koščević 2003, str.
XV. 27; Koščević 1991, P. XIV. 211, 212; Kovač, Koščević 2003, p.
53, kat. br. 96; Radman-Livaja 2004, str. 216, T. 67. 492, str. 217,
53, cat. no. 96; Radman-Livaja 2004, p. 216, P. 67. 492, p. 217, P.
T. 68. 493.
68. 493.
89
VAPD 102, 2009., 75-91
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